Традиционная китайская медицина: различия между версиями

'''Традиционная китайская медицина''' (ТКМ, {{lang-en|Traditional Chinese Medicine, TCM}}) — система современных<ref name="taylor3-2">''Taylor K.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20091016100137/http://www.acucentre.com.au/Classics/HistPersp/KTaylor/KTaylor%203.2.pdf CHAPTER 3 (part2): Modernizing the Old. The Creation of a 'Traditional' Chinese Medicine, 1953-6] {{недоступная ссылка|число=16|месяц=05|год=2013|url=http://www.acucentre.com.au/Classics/HistPersp/KTaylor/KTaylor%203.2.pdf}} // Chinese Medicine in Early Communist China, 1945-63. A medicine of revolution.— London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005.<br />«TCM is a medical construct distinct to Communist China. The term refers only to Chinese medicine from mid-1956 as located in mainland China. I will therefore adopt the convention of using the acronym TCM to describe only the standardized, government-created, institution-bound medicine that has existed in the PRC since 1956. This is quite distinct from the general, uncapitalized term 'traditional Chinese medicine' which refers to past forms of Chinese medicine in general. I believe that it is heuristically useful to make this distinction of TCM as a modern subset of contemporary Chinese medicine, because it allows us a certain consensus among scholars».</ref><ref name="taylor86">''Atwood K.'' [http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=505 A Partial Book Review: Chinese Medicine in Early Communist China, 1945-63: a Medicine of Revolution, by Kim Taylor]<br />The ''Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)'' that has been fostered in the PRC is not traditional. The very adjective ''Traditional'', in regard to Chinese medicine, was not formally used in China until the mid-1950s, and even then was applied «exclusively in English language literature produced by the Chinese mainland press…» (Taylor, p. 86)</ref><ref name="hai">''Hong Hai'' [http://journal.acs-cam.org.uk/data/archive/2009/200903-article2.pdf Kuhn and the Two Cultures of Western and Chinese Medicine] {{Wayback|url=http://journal.acs-cam.org.uk/data/archive/2009/200903-article2.pdf |date=20140904034218 }} // Journal of Cambridge Studies, Vol 4. No.3 September 2009, p.20<br />«Chinese medicine henceforth became known as „Traditional Chinese Medicine“ (TCM) to refer to the state-sanctioned practice of Chinese medicine. ''It was „traditional“ only in the sense of having originated from the classics of Chinese medicine'' and being a different system from modern Western medicine. But in fact it was a new system that reflected the social and political milieu of modern China.<br />The first national textbook appeared in 1958, titled Outline of Chinese Medicine (Zhongyixue gailun 中医学概论). It was superseded by other specialized texts covering foundational theory, diagnostics, acupuncture and moxibustion, ''material medica'', prescriptions, internal medicine, pediatrics, gynecology, skin diseases so forth. The structural similarity of these textbooks to their Western medical counterparts was obvious and deliberate. The textbooks constituted a massive systematization of medical theory and practice, the first to appear in Chinese history».</ref> учений и практик, зародившаяся в [[Древний Китай|Древнем Китае]] и возникшая из внимательного наблюдения за функционированием человеческого организма и последующей систематизации этих наблюдений с использованием характерной для данного региона [[Парадигма (философия)|парадигмы]], которую можно охарактеризовать как учение о символах и числах. В [[Китай|Китае]] рассматривается как часть науки о «воспитании жизни» («ян шэн сюе» — {{lang-zh2|養生學}}), куда помимо медицины входят и различные методы психофизиологических практик ([[ушу]], [[цигун]], [[дао]]-инь и т. д.), [[диетология]] и тому подобное.

В середине 1950-х годов в Китае был возрождён интерес к древним учениям и практикам<ref name="taylor3-2"/><ref name="taylor86"/>, в это время ТКМ окончательно сформировалась как вид [[Альтернативная медицина|альтернативной медицины]]<ref name="jackson">''Jackson J. P.'' [http://www.ukskeptics.com/acupuncture.php What is acupuncture?] {{Архивировано|url=https://www.webcitation.org/618ZSkpaP?url=http://www.ukskeptics.com/acupuncture.php |date=2011-08-22 }} // UKSkeptics</ref> и стала позиционироваться правительством как национальное достояние, символ Китая<ref name="modern">[http://www.shen-nong.com/eng/history/modern.html Modern China 1912AD ~ present] / TCM History. Shen-Nong.org</ref>, как научная дисциплина<ref name="atwQuo">''Atwood K.'' [http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=505 A Partial Book Review: Chinese Medicine in Early Communist China, 1945-63: a Medicine of Revolution, by Kim Taylor]<br />«…They should learn how to use modern science to explain the principles of Chinese medicine. They should translate some classical Chinese medicine books into modern language, with proper annotations and explanations. Then a new medical science, based on the integration of Chinese and Western medicine, can emerge. That would be a great contribution to the world».</ref><ref name="coombs">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070610170419/http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2006/Paton-Michael-ASAA2006.pdf Cap — Anu<!-- Заголовок добавлен ботом -->]</ref>. После 1972 года, когда границы стали более прозрачными, ТКМ получила заметное распространение в западных странах<ref name="intro">[http://www.shen-nong.com/eng/history/introduction.html Introduction] / TCM History. Shen-Nong.org</ref>.

По данным МОЗ КНР за последние 60 лет (1949—2009) средняя продолжительность жизни увеличилась с 35 до 73 лет<ref name="zhaori">''Zhaori Ge-tu'' [http://cmj.org/periodical/PaperList.asp?id=CMJLW2009928300925604521 Face challenges with confidence when we review the great achievements at the 60th birthday of the people′s republic] // Chinese Medical Journal, 2009;122(19):2205-2208.{{недоступная ссылка|1=http://cmj.org/periodical/PaperList.asp?id=CMJLW2009928300925604521}}</ref>. Это напрямую связано с внедрением в Китае современной научной медицины<ref>{{книга|автор=Riley J. C. |заглавие=Rising Life Expectancy: A Global History|ссылка=https://books.google.by/books?id=4Ng2Y7eJ7A0C&pg=PA94&lpg=PA94&dq=china+life+expectancy+western+medicine&source=bl&ots=8_eMT_tX2Q&sig=eWABgEGxrUBbrbaZ90iUAoLrRH8&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=WznlULXoCYWgtAbqtYGADw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=china%20life%20expectancy%20western%20medicine&f=false|издательство=Cambridge University Press|год=2001|pages=93—94|allpages=256|isbn=9780521002813}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acsh.org/traditional-chinese-medicine-good-enough/|title=Traditional Chinese Medicine: Good Enough?|author=Schneider K. L. |publisher=American Council on Science and Health|accessdate=2013-01-03|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DOGobGMa?url=http://www.acsh.org/traditional-chinese-medicine-good-enough/|archivedate=2013-01-03|deadlink=yes}}</ref> взамен традиционной и с прогрессом медицинских наук<ref name="zhaori"/>.

Рядом исследователей предпринимались заметные усилия по установлению соответствия между современными научными представлениями о человеческой анатомии, в частности о сердечно-сосудистой, нервной и лимфатической системах, и меридианами<ref name="b+s">''Beyerstein B.L., Sampson W.'' [http://www.csicop.org/si/show/china_conference_1/ Traditional Medicine and Pseudoscience in China: A Report of the Second CSICOP Delegation (Part 1)] // Skeptical Inquirer 20(4):18-26, 1996.<br />«…Although the delegation found this „force“ dismally inaccurate when the Qigong masters invoked it to diagnose illnesses, it is the same „energy“ that TCM advocates say runs through '''acupuncture meridians''' to effect healing. It has always struck us as odd that proponents can accept that this mysterious energy is unable to interact with the physical matter in the sensors of measuring instruments (which could confirm its existence) while it is still able to interact with the physical matter of bodily organs to „read“ their state of health and produce a cure».<br />«8. For instance, no reputable scientist has ever found an anatomical basis in the circulatory, nervous, or lymphatic systems for the „'''meridians'''“ through which the health-enhancing vital energies posited by TCM are supposed to flow».</ref><ref name="Barrett">''Barrett S.'' [http://www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/acu.html Be Wary of Acupuncture, Qigong, and «Chinese Medicine»] // quackwatch.com, 2008.</ref><ref name="NIH-1997consensus">{{cite web|author=NIH Consensus Development Program|title=Acupuncture -- Consensus Development Conference Statement|url=http://consensus.nih.gov/1997/1997Acupuncture107html.htm|date=November 3–5, 1997|publisher=National Institutes of Health|accessdate=2007-07-17|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/618ZUP7jI?url=http://consensus.nih.gov/1997/1997Acupuncture107html.htm|archivedate=2011-08-2322|deadlink=no}}<br />«Despite considerable efforts to understand the anatomy and physiology of the „acupuncture points“, the definition and characterization of these points remains controversial. Even more elusive is the basis of some of the key traditional Eastern medical concepts such as the circulation of [[Ци|Qi]], the meridian system, and the five phases theory, which are difficult to reconcile with contemporary biomedical information but continue to play an important role in the evaluation of patients and the formulation of treatment in acupuncture».</ref>. Однако достоверных научных доказательств подобных соответствий обнаружить не удалось<ref name="b+s"/><ref name="NIH-1997consensus"/><ref name="Barrett"/>.