|
# https://propertyupdate.com.au/adverse-possesions/
'''[[Land value tax]]ation history in the [[Australia]]''' dating back from [[Henry George]]{{refn|group=note|[[Georgism|Georgist]] ideas were adopted to some degree in [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.georgiststudies.org/george100years.html |title=Henry George 100 Years Later |last=Gaffney |first=M. Mason |publisher=Association for Georgist Studies Board |access-date=2008-05-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724030349/http://www.georgiststudies.org/george100years.html |archive-date=2008-07-24 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the City|last=Caves|first=R. W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|pages=301}}</ref>}} and [[Graham Berry]]{{refn|group=note|His election manifesto proposed a punitive [[land tax]] designed to break up the [[squatter]] class's great pastoral properties. The Councillors were sufficiently alarmed to pass a modified version of Berry's land tax bill, despite the urgings of the ultra-conservative former Premier Sir [[Charles Sladen]] to reject it outright. Berry, emboldened, next introduced a bill for the payment of members of the Assembly, which the trade unions were demanding so that working class candidates could be elected. Berry "tacked" the bill to the Appropriation Bill so that Council could not reject it without paralysing the Colony's finances. The Council resented this blackmail and at Sladen's urging declined to pass the bill, laying it aside.<ref>{{cite book |last=Turner |first=Henry |author-link=[[Henry Gyles Turner]] |date=2011 |title=A History of the Colony of Victoria: From Its Discovery to Its Absorption Into the Commonwealth of Australia |url=https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=bpYLLiAZ6pwC&dq=australia+%22land+tax%22&hl=ru&source=gbs_navlinks_s |volume=2 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=193, 217 |isbn=978-1-108-03983-3}}</ref>}}. Each Australian state has different laws of land tax.<ref name=revenue/><ref name=pu/>
# https://books.google.ro/books?id=W17KewWZBW4C&pg=PA68&dq=%22australia%22+adverse+possession+%22queensland%22&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVxq6rrIzwAhUahf0HHS6SBn4Q6AEwAHoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=%22australia%22%20adverse%20possession%20%22queensland%22&f=false — подробно
# https://books.google.ro/books?id=oRT0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89&dq=%22australia%22+adverse+possession&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRm9awq4zwAhUohf0HHSZ6DjoQ6AEwCXoECAgQAg#v=onepage&q=%22australia%22%20adverse%20possession&f=false — удалось вытянуть только одну полезную страницу. Возможно, следует упомянуть в further reading
==History==
# https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/nilq64&div=10&id=&page= — упомяну в одном разделе
[[South Australia]] was the first [[Australia]]n state to introduce a [[land tax]], based on the unimproved capital value of land, in 1884.<ref name=parliament/><ref name=treasury/> In 1910, [[George Allen (public servant)|George Allen]] (first secretary to the [[Treasury (Australia)|Treasury]]) founded the [[Australian Taxation Office|Land Tax Office]] to service land taxes at the federal level as a form of [[wealth tax]] and as a means to break up large [[Land lot|tracts]] of underutilised land.<ref name=parliament/><ref>{{cite book |last=Tingle |first=Laura |author-link=[[Laura Tingle]] |date=2017 |title=In Search of Good Government: Great Expectations & Political Amnesia |url=https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=6le9DgAAQBAJ&dq=%22land+tax+office%22+%22george+allen%22&hl=ru&source=gbs_navlinks_s |location= |publisher=[[Black Inc.]] |chapter=Settling for More |isbn=9781863959285}}</ref><ref name=treasury/> Over time, the productivity base of the economy diversified from being mostly agrarian at the beginning of the 20th century, but wealth was held in more diverse forms and therefore federal land taxes were already ineffective. Federal land taxes were imposed until 30 June 1952, but still operate at the state/local level.<ref name=parliament>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Stewart |date=April 2005 |title=Land Tax: An Update |url=https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/researchpapers/Documents/land-tax-an-update/FINAL%20VERSION%20Land%20Tax.pdf |page=1 |isbn=07313 1779 3 |issn=1325-4456 |access-date=February 23, 2021}}</ref><ref name=treasury>{{cite web |url=https://treasury.gov.au/publication/economic-roundup-winter-2006/a-brief-history-of-australias-tax-system#:~:text=Land%20taxes%20were%20also%20introduced,as%20a%20flat%20rate%20tax |title=A brief history of Australia's tax system |date=4 September 2006 |website=[[Treasury (Australia)|Treasury]] |access-date=23 February 2021 }}</ref>
# https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/mlj/1900-v1-n1-mlj3862/039836ar/abstract/ — упомяну в одном разделе
# http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.611.8561&rep=rep1&type=pdf — упомяну в одном разделе
==Usage==
# https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/38807/65932_00000328_01_Park.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y — возможно, заюзаю
Land tax is generally levied on the unimproved capital value of the land (not the total [[property value]]). This is assessed every year.<ref name=revenue>{{Cite web|url=http://www.revenue.nsw.gov.au/taxes/land-tax-surcharge|title=Land tax surcharge|date=2016-11-23|website=www.revenue.nsw.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2021-02-23}}</ref><ref name=pu>{{cite web |url=https://propertyupdate.com.au/what-is-land-tax-and-can-i-reduce-it/ |title=What is Land Tax and can I reduce it? |last=Raiss |first=Ken |date=14 January 2020 |website=[[Property Update]] |access-date=23 February 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mattock |first=Jason |date=2014 |title=Doing Business in Australia for China: How to Invest in Australia for Chinese |url=https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=e4HVBQAAQBAJ&dq=australia+%22land+tax%22&hl=ru&source=gbs_navlinks_s |page=94 |isbn=978-1-503-20239-9}}</ref>
# https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/swales1&div=19&id=&page= — further reading
# https://eprints.usq.edu.au/8400/ — подробно
Land taxes in Australia are levied by the states, and generally apply to [[Landholding|land holdings]] only within a particular state. The exemption ''thresholds'' (land tax will become payable at this dollar value) vary, as do the [[tax rate]]s and other rules. Most Australians do not pay land tax, as most states provide a land tax exemption for the primary home or residence.<ref name=pu/><ref name=revenue/>
# https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Malcolm-Park/publication/228164622_Adverse_Possession_of_Torrens_Land_Parliamentary_Inquiry_Strays_Out_of_Bounds/links/00b7d51a664e0ef49e000000/Adverse-Possession-of-Torrens-Land-Parliamentary-Inquiry-Strays-Out-of-Bounds.pdf — возможно, заюзаю
# https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13604813.2019.1579501 — further reading.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! State || The laws of land tax || Other details || {{nowrap|{{Abbr|Refs|References}}}}
|-
| {{center|[[NSW]]}} ||The state land tax exempts farmland and principal residences and there is a tax threshold. ||Determination of land value for tax purposes is the responsibility of the Valuer-General.||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lands.nsw.gov.au/valuation |title=NSW.gov.au |publisher=Lands.nsw.gov.au |access-date=23 February 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702135627/http://www.lands.nsw.gov.au/valuation |archive-date=2 July 2010}}</ref>
|-
| {{center|[[Victoria]]}} ||The land tax threshold is $250,000 on the total value of all Victorian property owned by a person as at 31 December of each year, and taxed at a progressive rate. The principal residence, primary production land and land used by a charity are exempt from land tax. ||{{center|—}}||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sro.vic.gov.au/land-tax|title=State Revenue Office, Land Tax|website=sro.vic.gov.au|access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| {{center|[[Tasmania]]}} ||The threshold is $25,000 and the date of audit is 1 July. Between $25,000 and $350,000 the tax rate is 0.55% and over $350,000 it is 1.5%.||{{center|—}}||<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sro.tas.gov.au/domino/dtf/SROWebsite.nsf/v-all/58F1DB55D3494B11CA257D5B00045AAB/$file/Land%20Tax%20Summary.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303084507/http://www.sro.tas.gov.au/domino/dtf/SROWebsite.nsf/v-all/58F1DB55D3494B11CA257D5B00045AAB/$file/Land%20Tax%20Summary.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{center|[[Queensland]]}} || The threshold for individuals is $600,000 and $350,000 for other entities. The date of audit is 30 June.||{{center|—}}||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/land/tax/overview/about/|title=What is land tax? – Environment, land and water|first=c=AU; o=The State of Queensland; ou=Department of Environment and Heritage Protection; ou=Corporate|last=Communications|website=www.qld.gov.au|access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| {{center|[[South Australia]]}} ||The threshold is $332,000, taxed at a progressive rate. The date of audit is 30 June.||{{center|—}}||<ref>https://www.revenuesa.sa.gov.au/taxes-and-duties/land-tax/forms/LTGxx_0317.pdf</ref>
|}
By revenue, property taxes represent 4.5% of total taxation in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/5506.0Main%20Features32007-08?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=5506.0&issue=2007-08&num=&view= |title=5506.0 – Taxation Revenue, Australia, 2007–08 |date=14 April 2009 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830001927/http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/5506.0Main%20Features32007-08?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=5506.0&issue=2007-08&num=&view= |archive-date=30 August 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A government report<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.landvaluetax.org/government-papers/brisbanes-inquiry-into-land-value-rating.html|title=Brisbane's Inquiry into Land Value Rating|publisher=Land Value Taxation Campaign|access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref> in 1986 for [[Brisbane, Queensland]] advocated a land tax.
The [[Henry Tax Review]] of 2010 commissioned by the federal government recommended that state governments replace [[stamp duty]] with land value tax. The review proposed multiple [[marginal rate]]s and that most agricultural land would be in the lowest band with a zero rate. Only the [[Australian Capital Territory|ACT]] moved to adopt this system and planned to reduce stamp duty by 5% and raise land tax by 5% for each of 20 years.
===Stamp duty===
The difference between land tax and stamp duty is that the stamp duty is charged by state/territory governments on transactions like buying property and the land tax is charged by most state/territory governments on land you own.
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Mangioni |first=Vince |author-link= |date=2015 |title=Land Tax in Australia: Fiscal reform of sub-national government |url=https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=iK9ACwAAQBAJ&dq=australia+%22land+tax%22&hl=ru&source=gbs_navlinks_s |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-56768-4}}
[[:Category:Land value taxation]]
[[:Category:Taxation in Australia]]
| 