Энергия связи: различия между версиями

Из того, что вселенная доминируется гравитацией<ref name=GravityRules/> и с течением времени инволюционирует, то есть свёртывается, во всё более связанное, агрегированное состояние, следует, что в начале своего существования вселенная была в состоянии максимальной [[wikisource:ru:ЭСБЕ/Дисгрегация|дисгрегации]], то есть максимальной энтропии<ref>Eddington, Arthur. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.220736/page/n72/mode/1up The Expanding Universe] CUP, 1933, pp. 56–57. «Accordingly the primordial state of things which I picture is an even distribution of protons and electrons, extremely diffuse and filling all (spherical) space, remaining nearly balanced for an exceedingly long time until its inherent instability prevails. We shall see later that the density of this distribution can be calculated; it was about one proton and electron per litre. There is no hurry for anything to begin to happen. But at last small irregular tendencies accumulate, and evolution gets under way. The first stage is the formation of condensations ultimately to become the galaxies; this, as we have seen, started off an expansion, which then automatically increased in speed until it is now manifested to us in the recession of the spiral nebulae. As the matter drew closer together in the condensations, the various evolutionary processes followed—evolution of stars, evolution of the more complex elements, evolution of planets and life.»</ref>. Таким образом, в начале своего существования вселенная была '''чёрной дырой'''<ref>[https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=ru&q=%22In+fact%2C+the+black+hole+state+represents+the+maximum+entropy+state+of+a+certain+amount+of+matter%22 ''Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India''] Vols. 1–4, 1973, p. 9. «In fact, the black hole state represents the maximum entropy state of a certain amount of matter.»</ref> с минимальной (то есть нулевой) актуальной энергией и максимальной (то есть нулевой) потенциальной энергией. Эта гигантская гомогенная сфера, битком набитая максимально разрежёнными протонами (вследствие своей нулевой температуры, каждый протон имел многокилометровый радиус<ref name=Holladay>Holladay, April. [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/what-happens-at-absolute-zero/article4275676/ What happens at absolute zero?] ''The Globe and Mail'', 13 April 2009, updated 28 April 2018. " 'There really is no physical description that allows for [an atom at] zero temperature' e-mails physicist Erik Ramberg of Fermilab. If an atom could attain absolute zero, its wave function would extend 'across the universe,' which means the atom is located nowhere. But that's an impossibility. When we try to probe the atom or electron to localize it, then we give it some velocity, and thus a non-zero temperature.<p>By the way, we can think of an atom either as a particle (a little billiard ball) or as a wave. As atoms come close to absolute zero, their waveforms spread out. A waveform as big as the universe may seem weird, but various research groups have cooled atoms to where their wave functions are as big as the inter-atomic distance. When that happens, all of the atoms at that temperature form one big 'super-atom,' says Mr. Ramberg. This is called a Bose-Einstein condensate."</ref>) пребывала в состоянии [[Механическое равновесие|неустойчивого равновесия]] до тех пор, пока в её центре не появилась крошечная [[Кротовая нора|червоточина]], ведущая внутрь центрального протона, являющегося идентичной вселенной меньшего масштаба. Из червоточин соткано гравитационное поле<ref>[https://news.mit.edu/2013/you-cant-get-entangled-without-a-wormhole-1205 You can’t get entangled without a wormhole] MIT News Office, 5 December 2013. «More fundamentally, the results suggest that gravity may, in fact, emerge from entanglement. What’s more, the geometry, or bending, of the universe as described by classical gravity, may be a consequence of entanglement, such as that between pairs of particles strung together by tunneling wormholes.»</ref>. Ввиду своей отрицательной массы<ref name=Mathews/><ref name=NegativeMass/>, червоточины имеют отрицательную температуру<ref name=NegativeTemperature>Pollard, D.; Dunning-Davies, J. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02820153 A consideration of the possibility of negative mass] ''Il Nuovo Cimento B'' (1971–96), July 1995, vol. 110, no. 7, pp. 857–64. «The conclusion is, then, that negative mass can only exist at negative temperature, and must be adiabatically separate from positive mass.»</ref>. С появлением первой червоточины, температура мешков тепла, именуемых протонами<ref name=MassIsHeat>[https://www.google.com/search?newwindow=1&tbm=bks&ei=U0TuWpW3DIKtsgGz_rrIDQ&q=%22If+internal+energy+is+mass,+then+heat+is+mass%22 ''Engineering and Contracting''] Vol. 65, 1926, p. 113. «Mechanical mass and internal energy, according to Einstein, are one and the same thing. Since the heat of a body is a form of motion of its particles, heat is part of its internal energy. If internal energy is mass, then heat is mass. But mass is perhaps the most fundamental characteristic of matter. Hence, heat is matter—substance.»</ref>, стала слегка положительной. Вследствие отрицательности своей температуры, червоточина, ведущая во вселенскую чёрную дыру меньшего масштаба, начала высасывать тепло из нашей вселенской чёрной дыры. Иными словами, началось катастрофически ускоряющееся [[Излучение Хокинга|хокинговское испарение]] нашей вселенской чёрной дыры в червоточину, ведущую в идентичную вселенскую чёрную дыру меньшего масштаба<ref>Eardley, D. M.; Press, W. H. [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1975ARA%26A..13..381E&db_key=AST&page_ind=35&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_VIEW&classic=YES Astrophysical Processes Near Black Holes] In: ''Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics'', vol. 13, 1975, p. 416. «'''The hole gets hotter as it shrinks (equation 63), so the evaporation accelerates catastrophically.''' The last ≥10³⁰ erg is released explosively in ≤ 0.1 sec (see equation 64). <...> Hawking's identification of an effective temperature allows black holes to be included within existing thermodynamic laws [something first attempted by Bekenstein (1973b); see also Bardeen, Carter & Hawking (1973)].»</ref>. Мешки тепла, именуемые протонами<ref name=MassIsHeat/>, сдуваются как воздушные шарики с развязанными горловинами по мере того как иерархически ветвящаяся вселенская червоточина высасывает из них тепло, а температура тепла, остающегося внутри протона, повышается от нуля градусов Кельвина 13.8 миллиарда лет назад до нынешних ~10¹³ градусов Кельвина<ref>McLerran, Larry. ''New Forms of High Energy Density Matter''. (In: Greiner, Walter (ed.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=xTa5BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA190&lpg=PA190 Exciting Interdisciplinary Physics] Springer Science, 2013, p. 190).<p>«The density of matter inside a proton is</p><p>''ε''_''p'' = ''Mc''²/''R''³</p><p>where ''M'' is the proton mass and ''R'' ~ 1 fm is its radius. This energy energy scale is roughly 1 GeV/fm³. <…> This corresponds to temperatures or ''T''_proton ~ 10¹³ degrees Kelvin, which is about 6 orders of magnitude larger than that of the solar interior.»</ref>. Людям, состоящим из таких сдувающихся сверхгорячих протонов и съёживающимся вместе с ними, прогрессивно более холодная окружающая вселенная, сдувающаяся с прогрессивно меньшим ускорением, кажется катастрофически раздувающейся<ref>Eddington, Arthur. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.220736/page/n105/mode/2up The Expanding Universe] CUP, 1933, pp.&nbsp;90–92.<p>«All change is relative. The universe is expanding relatively to our common material standards; our material standards are shrinking relatively to the size of the universe. The theory of the "expanding universe" might also be called the theory of the "shrinking atom". <...></p>