|
Позднее землянки сооружали такие оседлые племена, как [[хидатса]], [[манданы]] и [[арикара]].
== Конструкция ==
Большинство индейских землянок имеют круглую форму с куполообразной крышей, с дымовым отверстием в его вершине — в центре или немного смещённым.
After a strong layer of sticks or reeds was wrapped through and over the radiating roof timbers, a layer of [[thatch]] was often applied as part of the roof, although the structure was then entirely covered in earth. This earth layer provides [[insulation]] against extreme temperatures, as does the partially subterranean foundation.
== Землянки у индейцев Великих равнин ==
The origin of the upper midwest Earthlodge is generally attributed to the Mandan tribe, who were a sedentary farming and trading tribe. Later when the Hidatsa came into the area they adopted the earthern structures. The Arikara, a Caddoan speaking Pawnee tribe, were builders of earthlodges long before they arrived in North Dakota.
These structures were a familiar site to traders and explorers along the banks of the little Missouri, and were found in city clusters of up to a 1000 thousand such earthern homes.
These structures consisted of a clay outer shell, over an inner shell of long grasses and a woven willow ceiling. The very middle of the Earthlodge was used as a fire pit and a hole was built into the center. This smoke hole was often covered by a bullboat during inclement weather.
Logs were generally gathered each spring as the ice receded and sheared them off, fresh logs were also cut. The most common wood used, traditionally speaking, was Cottonwood. Cottonwood being such a wet and soft wood meant that lodges often required re-building every 6-8 years.
Many would be surprised to learn that the men only raised the large logs, and the rest of back breaking work was left to the woman, As such a lodge was considered to be «owned» by the female who built it.
A vestibule of exposed logs marked the entrance and provided and entryway, these vestibules were often a minimum of 6' in length to about 9' in length, which was determined by the size of the lodge and resulting outer clay thickness.
Generally a windbreak was built on the interior of the lodge, blocking wind and giving privacy to the occupants. In addition, earthlodges often contained Cache pits, or root cellar type holes, lined with willow and grasses — within which dried vegetables were stored.
They were most often found alongside tribal farm fields as well, alternating with tipis — which were used during the nomadic hunting season of the year. An entire Earthlodge village can be seen at New Town, North Dakota.
The village consists of six family sized earthlodges and one large ceremonial earthlodge. In addition, a garden area and horse corrals have been built to add to the authenticity. This park is open to the public and located west of New Town at the Earthlodge Village Site. The family Earthlodges are roughly 40' in diameter, while the Ceremonial Earthlodge is 90' plus in diameter, it is also the largest such structure in the world. The park is the central point in a rebuilding and cultural renewal effort by the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation. This is the only village of its kind to be constructed by the Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara nations in over a 100 years.
In addition, a reconstructed earth lodge can be seen at the Glenwood, Iowa Lake Park.
<gallery widths="250px">
| 