Линамарин: различия между версиями

'''Линамарин''' ({{lang-en|Linamarin}}) — is a [[cyanideцианид|cyanogenicцианогенный]] [[glucosideгликозид]], foundобнаруженный inв theлистьях leavesи andкорнях roots of plants such asрастений ([[cassavaманиока]], [[limaлимская beanфасоль]]s, and [[flaxлен]]). Upon exposure to [[enzyme]]s and [[gut flora]] in the human [[intestine]], linamarin and its [[methyl]]ated relative [[lotaustralin]] can decompose to the toxic chemical [[hydrogen cyanide]]; hence food uses of plants that contain significant quantities of linamarin require extensive preparation and detoxification. Ingested and absorbed linamarin is rapidly excreted in the urine and the glucoside itself does not appear to be acutely toxic. Consumption of cassava products with low levels of linamarin is widespread in the low-land tropics. Ingestion of food prepared from insufficiently processed cassava roots with high linamarin levels has been associated with dietary toxicity, particularly with the [[upper motor neuron]] disease known as [[konzo]] to the [[African]] populations in which it was first described by Trolli and later through the research network initiated by [[Hans Rosling]]. However, the toxicity is believed to be induced by ingestion of [[acetone cyanohydrin]], the breakdown product of linamarin. <ref name="Banea">Banea!-Mayambu JP, Tylleskar T, Gitebo N, Matadi N, Gebre-Medhin M, Rosling H. (1997). Geographical and seasonal association between linamarin and cyanide exposure from cassava and the upper motor neurone disease konzo in former Zaire. ''Trop Med Int Health'' 2(12):1143-51. PMID 9438470 </ref> Dietary exposure to linamarin has also been reported as a risk factor in developing [[glucose intolerance]] and [[diabetes]], although studies in [[experimental animal]]s have been inconsistent in reproducing this effect<ref name="Soto">Soto-Blanco B, Marioka PC, Gorniak SL. (2002). Effects of long-term low-dose cyanide administration to rats. ''Ecotoxicol Environ Saf'' 53(1):37-41. PMID 12481854 </ref> and may indicate that the primary effect is in aggravating existing conditions rather than inducing diabetes on its own.<ref name="Yessoufou">Yessoufou A, Ategbo JM, Girard A, Prost J, Dramane KL, Moutairou K, Hichami A, Khan NA. (2002). Cassava-enriched diet is not diabetogenic rather it aggravates diabetes in rats. ''Fundam Clin Pharmacol'' 20(6):579-86. PMID 17109651 </ref>