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Бали (индуизм): различия между версиями

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{{редактирую|Ilya Mauter}}
[[Файл:033-vamana.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Вамана и Бали.]]
'''Ба́ли''' или '''Махаба́ли''' ({{IAST|Mahābalī}}, {{lang-sa|महाबली}}) — царь-[[асура]], герой [[Пураны|пуранической]] литературы [[индуизм]]а, внук [[Прахлада|Прахлады]] и потомок [[Дити]]. Отцом Бали был сын Прахлады [[Вирочана]], а матерью — Девамба. Воспитанием Бали занимался его дед Прахлада, прививший ребёнку дух праведности и [[бхакти]]. В период правления Бали кругом царили мир и процветание. Бали взял под свой контроль не только всю землю, но и [[Сварга|райские планеты]]. Побеждённые девы обратились за помощью к Вишну, который пообещал вернуть им власть над небесами. По совету гуру асуров [[Шукрачарья|Шукрачарьи]], Бали решил провести [[Яджна|жертвоприношение]] [[ашвамедха]]. В ходе ашвамедхи, Вишну принял облик мальчика-карлика [[Вамана|Ваманы]] и, явившись перед Бали, попросил у него кусок земли размером в три шага. Бали, несмотря на предостережения Шукрачарьи, согласился выполнить желание Ваманы. Тут Вамана начала расти, непомерно увеличившись в своих размерах и за два шага покрыл всю Землю, небо, небесные планеты и остальную часть вселенной (сделав второй шаг, Вамана пробил оболчку вселенной, откуда во вселенную просочилась капля [[Гарбходака|Причинного океана]]. Эта капля в виде энергии разлилась по высшим планетным системам, а на земле превратилась в священную [[Ганг]]у). Третий шаг сделать было некуда и Бали предложил для этого свою голову. Затем Вамана отправил Бали на [[Патала|Паталу]] (низшую из планетных систем). Так Бали стал преданным Ваманы и его до сих пор почитают как одного из [[Махаджана|махаджан]], великих личностей.
 
== Genesis of Onam ==
Folk song about Maveli says «Maveli nadu vaneedum kalam, manushyarellarum onnu pole». The song says that all people were equal when Maveli ruled meaning that there was no caste system in Kerala when Maveli ruled.
 
The story goes that the beautiful state of [[Kerala]] was the capital of the [[Asura]] (demon) king, Bali. However, he was very religious, was respectful to priests<ref>P. 72 ''Unto Krshna Consciousness: A New Look at Vaishnava Religion as a Religion for gods, sages, saints, devotees, the sinners, the fallen, the outcast, the stupid, and the anti-god demons too'' by Anayath Pisharath Mukundan, Nārāyaṇabhaṭṭapāda.</ref> and performed Vedic [[Aswamedha]] sacrifices to enlarge his kingdom and like his grandfather ([[Prahlada]]), was one of the greatest devotees of Lord [[Vishnu]] on Earth as he sacrificed his kingdom for the Lord. The King was greatly respected in his kingdom and was considered to be wise, judicious and extremely generous. It is said that Kerala witnessed its golden era in the reign of King Bali. Everybody{{Who|date=October 2009}} was happy in the kingdom, there was no discrimination on the basis of caste or class. There was neither crime, nor corruption. People did not even lock their doors, as there were no thieves in that kingdom. There was no poverty, sorrow or disease in the reign of King Bali and everybody{{Who|date=October 2009}} was happy and content. Banan was the only son of Bali.
 
However, because he was a [[Daitya]] (descendant of Diti), he was viewed by the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] as unsafe. Otherwise, as the Vamana Purana reads, the rule of Mahabali was righteous.<ref>P. 10 ''History of Travancore from the Earliest Times'' by P. Shungoonny Menon.</ref>
It is further believed (as from the ''Thiruppavai'') that he occupied the property of others.<ref>[http://www.ibiblio.org/sadagopan/ahobilavalli/thiruppavai.pdf P. 20 ''Thiruppavai''].</ref>
 
Onam celebrations are marked in Trikkakara, a place 10&nbsp;km from Kochi (Cochin) on the Edapally- Pookattupadi road. Trikkakara is said to have been the capital of the mighty King Mahabali. A temple with a deity of ''Trikkakara Appan'' or ''Vamanamurthy'' who is Lord Vishnu himself in disguise is also located at this place.
 
This fascinating legend is artistically depicted at the Suchindram Temple in [[Kanyakumari district]], where Lord Shiva is believed to have slain Banasura, the evil child of the holy Mahabali.
 
Onam is observed by all Malayalees as the return of the pious Mahabali to Kerala.<ref>P. 372 ''Castes and Tribes of Southern India'' by Edgar Thurston, K. Rangachari.</ref> Colorful aquatic festivals (e.g., boat races) are held on this occasion on the banks of the river Pampa.<ref>P. 138 ''Explore Hinduism'' by Bansi Pandit.</ref> The celebration occurs all over Kerala and in the Malayalee diaspora.<ref>P. 128 ''Encyclopaedia of India'' by Ajay Bansal.</ref>
 
== Views on Bali ==
He is thought of by the Hindus as a true devotee of God.<ref>P. 254 ''The Srimad-Bhagavatam of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa'' by Evelyn J A Evans, J. M. Sanyal, S. R. Mittal.</ref> Shuk compared the saint-singer Narsinh Metha to Bali.<ref>P. 223 ''Gujarat and the Gujaratis'' by Behramji Merwanji Malabari, Krishnalal M. Jhaveri.</ref> He is one of the twelve [[Mahajans]], the authorities on the Supreme Personality of Godhead.
 
Because of the fact that Bali was such as great devotee of Vishnu, his son Bana was not slain by Lord Vishnu.<ref>P. 8 ''The Srimad-Bhagavatam of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa'' by J. M. Sanyal.</ref>
 
In the ''[[Yoga Vasistha]]'', Lord Rama inquires about King Bali and he is told by his Guru Vasistha that Bali was a great king and is always protected by Lord Vishnu.<ref>P. 132 ''The Yoga-vashishtha-ramayana'' by Dhirendra Nath Bose.</ref>
 
=== In Sikhism ===
Vamana is discussed in the Guru Granth Sahib, the sacred text of Sikhism.<ref>P. 1390 ''Guru Granth Sahib''.</ref>
 
:: satjugi tai maNiO ChaliO bali bAvan bhAiO
:: In Satyayuga, you sported as the dwarf incarnation, and fooled Bali.
 
On page 1330 of the Guru Granth Sahib, Vamana is mentioned as the «enticer» of Baliraja.<ref>P. 1330, ''Sri Guru Granth Sahib'', Vol. 4.</ref>
 
=== Alternative views ===
 
==== When Bali Became Pious ====
According to the ''Yoga Vasistha'', after inquiring about the realm beyond the universe, heaven, devas and asuras, which is ruled by the mind, Bali thus concentrates on the mind and being satisfied in himself, and teaches the asuras to do so likewise.<ref name="ReferenceA">P. 187 ''The Concise Yoga Vāsiṣṭha'' by Venkatesananda, Christopher Chapple.</ref>
From then on, he became a devotee.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
 
He is known to be the supreme example of the «ghiest» and Sadhana of Nava Vidha Bhakti, namely Atmanadevana.<ref>P. 342 ''Advices on Spritual [sic] Living by Chidananda''.</ref>
 
It is believed that Bali was a practitioner of the [[Raja Yoga]].<ref>P. 283 ''Sri Aurobindo: A Biography and a History'' by K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar.</ref>
 
==== Battle with Indra and Acquiring Indra’s Possessions ====
Other versions describing the first battle between Bali and Indra indicate that Bali was not beheaded and that the Brahmin Sukracarya performed the «Mritra sanjeevani» (wherein only non-beheaded bodies can be revived.)<ref>P. 66 ''Hrishikesa: Krishna-A Natural Evolution'' by T. V. Gopal.</ref>
 
It is also believed that Bali had not yet achieved Indra’s throne in texts such as Abhinanda’s ''Rāmaćarita''<ref>P. 242 ''Rāmaćarita of Abhinanda: A Literary and Socio-cultural Study'' by Promila Vatsyayan.</ref> and as a result was performing the Aswamedha Yagna (which Indian kings have historically performed to enlarge their kingdom) to finally achieve it. He attempted to perform as many as Indra.<ref>P. 207 ''Srimad Bhagavatam: Eighth Canto'' by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Prabhupada.</ref>
Then Vamana intervened and in the sacrifice asked for 3 strides of land.<ref name="ReferenceA">P. 22 ''Bhavan’s Journal'' by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.</ref>
 
==== Vishnu Supported Bali to Teach Indra ====
According to the ''Brahma-Vaivarta Puranam'', it was Lord Vishnu who positioned Bali in power to curb the pride of Indra.<ref>P. 841 ''The Brahma-Vaivarta Puranam'' Bhagavatapurana Puranas, Rajendra Nath Sen.</ref>
 
The [[Bhagavata Purana]] reads «He [Vishnu] will take the kingdom away from Purandara [Lord Indra] and give it to Bali Maharaja.»<ref>P. 158 ''Srimad Bhagavatam: Eighth Canto'' by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Prabhupada.</ref>
 
Composition of song: King Mahabali had composed a beautiful song 'Hari Naam Mala Stotram" in honor of Lord Vishnu. Pandit Jasraj has a famous Bhajan by the name of 'Om Namoh Bhagwate Vasudevaya' which is this poem.
 
==== Shiva Blessed Bali ====
A Shaiva tradition declares that a rat, by coming into contact with a lamp (and thus making it burn brighter) in a Siva temple was born subsequently as the famous emperor, Mahabali (P. 180 ''Philosophical Series'' by University of Madras, 1960). According to this legend, first Lord Shiva said to his consort Paravati that anyone who would make the «deepa» (''lamp'') burn brighter would become the ruler of the three worlds.<ref name="Tamilnad' 1964">P. 155 ''Temples of Tamilnad'' by R. K. Das, 1964.</ref>
A rat approached it, wanting to drink the ghee (melted butter) but as it attempted to drink, the flame was rekindled into its mouth.<ref name="Tamilnad' 1964"/> Parvati asked Lord Shiva to keep his promise and so Lord Shiva did.<ref name="Tamilnad' 1964"/>
 
The Skanda Purana, a Saivite text also reads that Bali worships Shiva everyday.<ref>P. 1419 ''The Skanda-purāņa'' by Jagdish Lal Shastri, Govardhan P. Bhatt, Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare.</ref>
 
==== Vishnu grants a boon to Mahabali ====
As he was pushed down into Patala (a good<ref>P. 124 ''The Epics Ramayana and Mahabharata'' by Shripad Dattatraya Kulkarni.</ref> colony of demons), King Bali made a last request. He requested that he be allowed to visit [[Kerala]] once in a year to ensure that his people were still happy, well fed and content. Lord Vishnu was pleased to grant Mahabali his wish. Also, by the boon of Vishnu, Bali will be the next (Purandara is the current Indra<ref>P. 30 ''Know the Puranas'' by Pustak Mahal.</ref>), that is, the eighth [[Indra]] (King of Devas) during the time of the eighth [[Manu]], [[Savarni Manu]].
 
Before he left for Patala, he bowed to Vishnu, Brahma and Shiva.<ref>P. 162 ''Śrīmadbhāgavatamāṃ Adbhuta Vijñāna-vihāra: Śrīmad-Vallabhācāryajīnī Najare: with English translation by Navanītapriya Jeṭhālāla Śāstrī'' by Navanītapriya Jeṭhālāla Śāstrī.</ref>
 
The theme of the story has been (repeatedly theorized in texts) is that whether Ravana or Bali, all things animate are endowed with great potentialities for both good and evil.<ref>P. 16 ''Religion, man, and society: from the archives of Dr. C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar: selections from his speeches & writings.'' by Chetpat Pattabhirama Ramaswami Aiyar, Sir.</ref>
 
Scholar Veermani P. Upadhyaya writes that even divinity cannot protect a person from accumulating sin by acting as owner of all, or «mahasriman».<ref>P 182 ''Modern Researches in Sanskrit: Dr. Veermani Pd. Upadhyaya Felicitation Volume'' by Veermani Prasad Upadhyaya.</ref>
 
It is notable that even though Vishnu, God, tested Bali, the king retained his faith in God.<ref>P. 109 ''Complete Works of Gosvami Tulsidas'' by Satya Prakash Bahadur, Tulasīdāsa.</ref>
 
==== Ganesha Blessed Vamana’s Mission ====
Some hold that it was Ganesha who gave the blessings to Vishnu in his avatar of Vamana.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
 
==== Bali Bound in Ropes ====
Although Bali was true to his word on giving whatever Vamana requested, in some legends, he is said to have been bounded with the ropes of Varuna by Garuda since Vamana could not place his foot anywhere on the earth and Bali requested Vamana place it on Bali’s own head.<ref>P. 50 ''Shrimad Bhagwat Purana''.</ref> In the [[Bhagavata Purana]]. Brahma then asks Vamana to release Bali.<ref name="P. 51 Shrimad Bhagwat Purana">P. 51 ''Shrimad Bhagwat Purana''.</ref> Bali was released from the ropes and bowed before Vishnu.<ref name="P. 51 Shrimad Bhagwat Purana"/>
 
According to the Padma Purana, Bali along with his kinsmen, friends and followers were bound.<ref>P. 786 ''The Padma-purāṇa'' by N. A. Deshpande.</ref>
 
==== Bali After Leaving Earth ====
It is said that Bali attained [[Moksha]] by atmanidedinam.<ref>P. 178 ''Vedanta Established in Its Own Light=: Sushka Vedanta Tamo Bhaskaram'' by Malayalaswamulavaru.</ref> Krishna in the Sri Rūpa Gosvāmīs Bhakti-rasāmrta-sindhuh<ref>P. 379 ''Sri Rūpa Gosvāmīs Bhakti-rasāmrta-sindhuh by Rūpagosvāmī'' by Rūpagosvāmī.</ref> says that Bali came to Him or attained Him.
 
According to the [[Ramayana|''Adhatya Ramayana'']] It is also said that Vamana Maharaja is the guard of the gate of Bali Maharaja’s planet Sutala<ref>P. 281 ''The Adhyatma Ramayana: Concise English Version'' by Chandan Lal Dhody.</ref><ref>P. 134 ''Srī Rūpa Gosvāmī's Bhakti-rasāmṛta-Sindhuh'' by Rūpagosvāmī, Bhakti Hridaya Bon.</ref> and will remain so forever.<ref>P. 134 ''Sri Rūpa Gosvāmīs Bhakti-rasāmrta-sindhuh'' by Rūpagosvāmī.</ref> [[Tulsidas|Tulsidas']] Ramayana too declares that Vamana became the «dwarpal» (''gate-defender'') of Bali.<ref>P. 246 ''Complete Works of Gosvami Tulsidas'' by Satya Prakash Bahadur, Tulasīdāsa.</ref> In the Vamana Puranna, it is written that Bali performed the Aswamedha sacrifice n the Kurukshetra, where Bali deprived Indra of his kingdom.<ref>P. 90 ''Kurukṣetra in the Vamana Purāṇa'' by Sasanka Sekhar Parui.</ref>
 
==== Kings Paying Tribute to Mahabali ====
The ''Bhavishyottara Purana'' reads that a king should pay respect to King Bali, «''the future Indra.''»<ref>P. 70 ''Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India'' by Joanna Gottfried Williams.</ref>
 
==== Mahabali visiting Kurukshetra ====
Mahabali is said to visit Kurukshetra, bestowing it with gifts.<ref>P. 160''History of Kurukshetra'' by Vishwa Nath Datta, H. A. Phadke.</ref>
 
==== Connection with Ravana ====
It is said in Valmiki’s ''[[Ramayana]]'' that King Bali tied Ravana in a cowshed.<ref>P. 353 ''Historic Rama of Valmiki'' by Viśvanātha Limaye.</ref>
 
==== Connection with Maritime Geological Events ====
According to scholar Preston Peet in his ''Underground!: the disinformation guide to ancient civilizations, astonishing archaeology and hidden history'' this story of Vamana ousting Bali Chakravarti can be understood as geological change from maritime to landward expansion, guided by rishis possessed of special knowledge.<ref>Peet, P. 45 ''Underground!: the disinformation guide to ancient civilizations, astonishing archaeology and hidden history''.</ref>
 
==== Asuras versus Devas ====
In the days of Rigveda, there were two major groups of Aryans; The Indo-Aryans who believed that Aditi was the true mother of the gods and Irano-Aryans (Dasyu) who believed Diti, the twin sister was. Bali was the descendant of this line. Scholar D. R. Bhandarkar writes in his Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Culture that «''Parsus or Persians''» was an old term for «Rakshasas» (demons).)<ref>''Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Culture'' by D. R. Bhandarkar.</ref> He further says that the word is used together with Asuras in Panini’s ''Parshvadi-gana''.
 
A few scholars believe that these demons Hiranyakashipu were actually Iranians fighting with Indians.<ref>P. 27 ''The Sphinx Speaks: Or, The Story of the Prehistoric Nations by Jwala Prasad Singhal''.</ref> However scholar Askhoy Mazumdar as being from the Daitya branch of the Aryans ruling in 29th century BC northwest India.<ref>''The Hindu History, B. C. 3,000 to 1,200 A. D.'' by Akshoy Kumar Mazumdar.</ref> He is held by many of the same as being the «Aryan colonizer» of eastern and southeastern India.<ref>Sinha, P. 207 ''Comprehensive History of Bihar''.</ref>
 
== Festivals ==
In the state of [[Kerala]], the [[Onam]] festival is a celebration of the visit of Mahabali or Maveli (local name of Bali) to their land. The [[Nepali people|Nepali]] version of [[Diwali]] has many connections to Bali, the song and dance festival of duesey and bhailoram during Diwali is believed to have been started by Bali. On [[Bali Pratipada]] day of Diwali, Bali is worshipped in [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].
 
According to legend, Mahabali requested Vamana to grant him a boon to come and visit his homeland, [[Kerala]], at least once a year, and it is during the festival of [[Onam]] that he comes visiting each year. Vamana also told Mahabali that he is destined to become [[Indra]] in the next cycle of creation.
 
== Примечания ==
Источник — https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Бали_(индуизм)