Тель-Брак: различия между версиями
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[[файл:TellBrakNaramsinN.jpg|thumb|right|Der von Mallowan ausgegrabene Naram-Sin-Palast in der unteren südlichen Ebene. Mittlerer Bereich von Norden]]
[[файл:TellBrakMitanni.jpg|thumb|right|Hügelspitze im Norden. Gebiet HH, Jüngere Grabung im Bereich des Mitanni-Palastes. Im Hintergrund die Grabungshäuser]]
'''Тел(л)ь-Брак''', в древности '''Нагар''' — археологическое городище на территории [[:en:Al-Hasakah Governorate]], [[Syria]]) was an ancient [[late Neolithic]], [[Sumer]]ian, [[Akkadian Empire|Akkadian]] and Middle-Late Bronze Age city on the Upper [[Khabur River]]. At 40m in height, one of the tallest [[archaeology|archaeological]] mounds in the [[Middle East]], and about a kilometer long (maximum c 130 hectares), it forms the remains of one of the largest urban sites in northern [[Mesopotamia]].
== История ==
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==== Халафская культура ====
{{see also|Халафская культура}}
A small settlement existed at the site as early as 6000 BCE, and materials from the late Neolithic [[Tell Halaf|Halaf culture]] have been found there<ref>Joan Oates and David Oates, Tell Brak: A Stratigraphic Summary, 1976—1993, Iraq, vol. 56, pp. 167—176, 1994</ref>.
==== Убайдско-урукская культура (поздний халколит) ====
{{see also|Убайдская культура|Урук}}
Occupation continued into the succeeding [[Ubaid]] and Uruk Periods. Excavations and surface survey of the site and its surroundings reveal a city that developed from the early 4th millennium BCE contemporaneously with (or even slightly earlier than) better known cities of southern Mesopotamia, such as [[Uruk]]. Public buildings include the Eye Temple and an administrative building with attached workshops. Among extensive Late Uruk materials found at Brak/Nagar is a standard text for educated scribes (the «Standard Professions» text, known from Uruk IV), part of the standardized education taught in the 3rd millennium BCE over a wide area of Syria and Mesopotamia<ref>Joan Oates, A Note on 'Ubaid and Mitanni Pottery from Tell Brak, Iraq, vol. 49, pp. 193—198, 1987</ref>.
=== Ранний бронзовый век ===
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== Археология ==
Раскопки Тель-Брака проводил британский археолог сэр [[:en:Max Mallowan|Макс Маллоуэн]] в 1937 и 1938 гг.<ref>M.E.L. Mallowan, Excavations at Brak and Chagar Bazar, Iraq 9, pp. 1-259, 1947</ref> A team from the [[Institute of Archaeology]] of the [[University of London]] and later from the [[McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research]] of the [[University of Cambridge]] led by David and Joan Oates worked there for 14 seasons between 1976 and 1993.<ref>D. and J. Oates, «Excavations at Tell Brak, 1990—91» in ''Iraq'' '''53''', pp 127—45.</ref><ref>D. and J. Oates and Helen McDonald, 1998. ''Excavations at Tell Brak — Vol. 1: The Mitanni and Old Babylonian periods'' (London : British School of Archaeology in Iraq/Cambridge: McDonald), ISBN 0951942050</ref><ref>D. and J. Oates and Helen McDonald, 2002 ''Excavations at Tell Brak — Vol. 2: Nagar in the Third Millennium BC'' (London : British School of Archaeology in Iraq/Cambridge: McDonald) Institute for Archaeological Research, ISBN 0951942093</ref>▼
▲A team from the [[Institute of Archaeology]] of the [[University of London]] and later from the [[McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research]] of the [[University of Cambridge]] led by David and Joan Oates worked there for 14 seasons between 1976 and 1993.<ref>D. and J. Oates, «Excavations at Tell Brak, 1990—91» in ''Iraq'' '''53''', pp 127—45.</ref><ref>D. and J. Oates and Helen McDonald, 1998. ''Excavations at Tell Brak — Vol. 1: The Mitanni and Old Babylonian periods'' (London : British School of Archaeology in Iraq/Cambridge: McDonald), ISBN 0951942050</ref><ref>D. and J. Oates and Helen McDonald, 2002 ''Excavations at Tell Brak — Vol. 2: Nagar in the Third Millennium BC'' (London : British School of Archaeology in Iraq/Cambridge: McDonald) Institute for Archaeological Research, ISBN 0951942093</ref>
A house of ca 3700 BCE would have had a long narrow courtyard with a domed oven, large enough for a gathering that would have tightly packed the space. Skeletal remains show that the city was a source for donkey-onager mules used for drawing wheeled carts before the introduction of the horse, about 2300 BCE.<ref>http://www.britac.ac.uk/events/2004/reckitt.html</ref> Most famous of the pre-Akkadian features is the 4th millennium «Eye Temple», which was excavated in 1937—38. The temple, built ca 3500—3300 BCE, was named for the hundreds of small [[alabaster]] «eye idol» figurines, which were incorporated into the mortar with which the mudbrick temple was constructed. The building’s surfaces were richly decorated with clay cones, copper panels and gold work, in a style comparable to contemporary temples of [[Sumer]]. The most dramatic discoveries during recent excavations are a series of mass graves dating to c 3800-3600 BC, which suggest that the process of urbanization was accompanied by warfare.
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