Дашнакцутюн: различия между версиями

Кроме событий связанных с революцией 1917 года, положение российских армян усугублялось также заключением [[Брестский мир|Брест-Литовского договора]] в марте 1918 года. Согласно этому договору, Турция не только восстанавливала контроль над оккупированными Россией османскими территориями, но он также позволял турецкому правительству аннексировать районы [[Карс]]а, [[Ардаган]]а и [[Батум]]а. По договору Советское правительство брало на себя обязательство пресекать любые армянские недовольства, связанные с этими договорённостями<ref name="Allies and Armenia">{{статья|автор=Richard G. Hovannisian|заглавие=The Allies and Armenia,1915-18|оригинал=|ссылка=|язык=|ответственный=|автор издания=|издание= Journal of Contemporary History|тип=|место=|издательство=|год=1968|месяц=|число=|том=|выпуск=|номер=3(1)|страницы=145–168|isbn=|issn=|doi=|bibcode=|arxiv=|pmid = |ref= |archiveurl=|archivedate= }}{{oq|en|In 1918, following centuries of foreign domination, Armenia emerged once again as an independent state, but this national rebirth was preceded by the greatest tragedy in the turbulent history of the Armenian people. Throughout 1915 and 1916 the approximately two million Armenians of the Ottoman Empire were either massacred or deported to the Syrian desert by the Ittihadist government, and in 1918 the nearly two million other Armenians beyond the Russian border in Transcaucasia were threatened with annihilation during a relendess Turkish invasion.l The plight of the Russian Armenians, who had clung desperately to Russia as the only means of salvation, was aggravated by the Bolshevik Revolution in November 1917, and the conclusion of the treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. That treaty not only restored to Turkey the Russian-occupied provinces ofthe Ottoman Empire and permitted Turkish annexation of the Transcaucasian districts ofKars, Ardahan, and Batum, but also pledged the Soviet government to suppress any Armenian opposition to these provisions. Feeling aband~ned by Russia and attempting to maintain a common front with their Georgian and Moslem neighbours, the Armenians finally assented, in April 1918, to the separation of Transcaucasia from Russia. Perhaps, as members ofthe Federative Republic of Transcaucasia, they would be spared by the Turks. The Ottoman army soon proved such hopes groundless. As Turkish divisions drove deep into Russian Armenia, the Georgians, having secured German protection, and the Moslems, enjoying the benevolence of the invaders, deserted the Armenians in May 1918, by declaring the independence of Georgia and Azerbaijan}}</ref>. Кавказ оказался отрезанным от центральных российских провинций. Российские войска массово покидали оккупированные территории [[Западная Армения|турецкой Армении]] и христианские народы Кавказа столкнулись с угрозой Османского вторжения<ref name="Caucasian Armenia, 1917-1920">{{статья|автор=Hovannisian, Richard|заглавие=Dimensions of Democracy and Authority in Caucasian Armenia, 1917-1920|оригинал=|ссылка=|язык=|ответственный=|автор издания=|издание=The Russian Review|тип=|место=|издательство=|год=1974|месяц=|число=|том=|выпуск=|номер=33 (1)|страницы=37–49|isbn=|issn=|doi=|bibcode=|arxiv=|pmid = |ref= |archiveurl=|archivedate= }}{{oq|en|Earlier, in 1917, when the March revolution toppled the Romanov dynasty and introduced the Provisional Government in Russia, many Armenian, Georgian, and Azerbaijani spokesmen believed that the Caucasus would be reorganized into national-geographic units fed erated with a democratic Russian republic. In the election for the All-Russian Constituent Assembly, the body charged with determin ing the future status of the peoples and territories of the former em pire, the Caucasian parties campaigned with intense fervor. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Hai Heghapokhakan Dash naktsutiun) was highly gratified by the results of that first general election, for the partys slate received more than eighty percent of the Armenian vote.' Dashnaktsutiun had espoused a platform of social and egalitarian reforms but, like its kindred Russian Social Revolutionary party, was fashioned along both democratic and authoritarian lines. Structured hierarchically with a supreme bureau (at times two bureaus) at the pinnacle, the Federation nonetheless allowed its regional central committees substantial latitude, in part because of the worldwide dispersion of the Armenian people. The enthusiasm elicited by the Constituent Assembly campaign was soon dampened by the turn of events in Russia. The November revolution and ensuing civil war severed the Caucasus from the central provinces. The Russian armies that had stood in occupation of Turkish (Western) Armenia deserted en masse, and the Christian peoples of the Caucasus were left faced with the dread specter of Ottoman invasion.}}</ref>.